Skip to content

Language

Colour scheme

Knowledge platform

Sources

What we build on. Where we use ideas, models or standards from others, the text carries a superscript number. It leads here, to the full reference.

  • Baldwin, M. (2019). Der BIM-Manager: Praktische Anleitung für das BIM-Projektmanagement (2nd rev. ed.). Beuth Verlag. pp. 34-39 and 65-69: LOD, buildingSMART standards, IFC, MVD and IDM; pp. 164-165: hierarchy of information requirements.
  • Ballard, H. G. (2000). The last planner system of production control [Doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham]. https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/4789/ Schedule adherence as the share of committed work completed (percent plan complete).
  • Bauministerkonferenz (2002). Musterbauordnung (MBO), Fassung November 2002, § 47 Aufenthaltsräume. https://www.bauministerkonferenz.de/verzeichnis.aspx?id=991&o=759O986O991 Para. 2: windows with a structural opening of at least 1/8 of the net floor area of the room. Wording checked against the version of 22/23 Sept 2022; the building code of the respective state applies.
  • Becker, J., Kugeler, M., & Rosemann, M. (Eds.) (2012). Prozessmanagement: Ein Leitfaden zur prozessorientierten Organisationsgestaltung (7th ed.). Springer Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33844-1
  • Boden, M. F. (2021). BIM-basiertes Facility Management (BIM-to-FM) [Bachelor’s thesis, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar]. Chapter 2 is the basis of the BIM fundamentals page; the sources it cites are listed here individually.
  • Borrmann, A., König, M., Koch, C., & Beetz, J. (Eds.) (2015). Building Information Modeling: Technologische Grundlagen und industrielle Praxis. Springer Vieweg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05606-3 pp. 2-9: information loss over the project, little/big and closed/open BIM.
  • Borrmann, A., König, M., Koch, C., & Beetz, J. (Eds.) (2021). Building Information Modeling: Technologische Grundlagen und industrielle Praxis (2nd ed.). Springer Vieweg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33361-4
  • buildingSMART International (n.d.). buildingSMART Data Dictionary (bSDD). https://www.buildingsmart.org/users/services/buildingsmart-data-dictionary/ Retrieved 1 October 2026.
  • buildingSMART International (2021). BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) 3.0. https://github.com/buildingSMART/BCF-XML
  • buildingSMART International (2024). Information Delivery Specification (IDS) 1.0. https://www.buildingsmart.org/standards/bsi-standards/information-delivery-specification-ids/
  • Bundesgerichtshof (2005). Urteil vom 24.02.2005, VII ZR 141/03. https://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/Zivilsenate/VII_ZS/2003/VII_ZR_141-03.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Requirements for presenting an obstruction in relation to the construction sequence.
  • Bundesministerium der Justiz (n.d.). Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG), § 87 Mitbestimmungsrechte. Gesetze im Internet. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/betrvg/__87.html Para. 1 no. 6: co-determination on technical systems for monitoring behaviour or performance. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
  • Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur (2015). Stufenplan Digitales Planen und Bauen: Einführung moderner, IT-gestützter Prozesse und Technologien bei Planung, Bau und Betrieb von Bauwerken. BMVI. https://www.bmv.de/SharedDocs/DE/Publikationen/G/stufenplan-digitales-bauen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
  • Deming, W. E. (1986). Out of the crisis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Advanced Engineering Study.
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2009). DIN 69900:2009-01 Projektmanagement: Netzplantechnik; Beschreibungen und Begriffe. Beuth. https://doi.org/10.31030/1498905
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2011). DIN 18040-2:2011-09 Barrierefreies Bauen: Planungsgrundlagen, Teil 2: Wohnungen. Beuth. https://doi.org/10.31030/1803049 Doors within dwellings: clear width at least 80 cm, wheelchair accessible (R) at least 90 cm.
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2016). DIN 1961:2016-09 VOB Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistungen, Teil B: Allgemeine Vertragsbedingungen für die Ausführung von Bauleistungen. Beuth. https://doi.org/10.31030/2533135 Section 6 (1): notice of obstruction.
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2018). DIN ISO 31000:2018-10 Risikomanagement: Leitlinien (ISO 31000:2018). Beuth. https://doi.org/10.31030/2880923
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2019). DIN 18202:2019-07 Toleranzen im Hochbau: Bauwerke. Beuth. https://doi.org/10.31030/3061349
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2019). DIN EN ISO 19650-1:2019-08 Organisation und Digitalisierung von Informationen zu Bauwerken und Ingenieurleistungen, einschließlich Bauwerksinformationsmodellierung (BIM): Informationsmanagement mit BIM, Teil 1: Begriffe und Grundsätze (ISO 19650-1:2018). DIN Media. https://doi.org/10.31030/3030494
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2019). DIN EN ISO 19650-2:2019-08 Organisation und Digitalisierung von Informationen zu Bauwerken und Ingenieurleistungen, einschließlich Bauwerksinformationsmodellierung (BIM): Informationsmanagement mit BIM, Teil 2: Planungs-, Bau- und Inbetriebnahmephase (ISO 19650-2:2018). DIN Media. https://doi.org/10.31030/3030497
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2019). DIN SPEC 91391-1:2019-04 Gemeinsame Datenumgebungen (CDE) für BIM-Projekte: Funktionen und offener Datenaustausch zwischen Plattformen unterschiedlicher Hersteller, Teil 1: Module und Funktionen einer Gemeinsamen Datenumgebung. DIN Media. https://doi.org/10.31030/3044838
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2020). DIN 18065:2020-08 Gebäudetreppen: Begriffe, Messregeln, Hauptmaße. Beuth. https://doi.org/10.31030/3157023 Step rule: 2 risers + 1 going = 59 to 65 cm.
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2024). DIN EN ISO 7817-1:2024-11 Bauwerksinformationsmodellierung: Informationsbedarfstiefe, Teil 1: Konzepte und Grundsätze (ISO 7817-1:2024). DIN Media. https://doi.org/10.31030/3560617 Replaces DIN EN 17412-1:2021-06.
  • DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (2026). DIN EN ISO 9000:2026-09 Qualitätsmanagement: Grundlagen und Begriffe (ISO 9000:2026); Deutsche Fassung EN ISO 9000:2026. DIN Media. https://www.dinmedia.de/de/norm/din-en-iso-9000/403145152 Replaces DIN EN ISO 9000:2015-11.
  • Drucker, P. F. (1963). Managing for business effectiveness. Harvard Business Review, 41(3), 53-60. https://hbr.org/1963/05/managing-for-business-effectiveness p. 54: "It is fundamentally the confusion between effectiveness and efficiency that stands between doing the right things and doing things right."
  • Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J., & Reijers, H. A. (2018). Fundamentals of business process management (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56509-4 The process management life cycle: identification, discovery, analysis, redesign, implementation, monitoring.
  • Eastman, C., Lee, J.-m., Jeong, Y.-s., & Lee, J.-k. (2009). Automatic rule-based checking of building designs. Automation in Construction, 18(8), 1011-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.07.002
  • Frandson, A., Berghede, K., & Tommelein, I. D. (2013). Takt time planning for construction of exterior cladding. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 21), Fortaleza (pp. 527-536). International Group for Lean Construction. https://iglc.net/papers/Details/902
  • Gallaher, M. P., O’Connor, A. C., Dettbarn, J. L., Jr., & Gilday, L. T. (2004). Cost analysis of inadequate interoperability in the U.S. capital facilities industry (NIST GCR 04-867). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.GCR.04-867 p. ES-7: USD 15.8 billion extra cost in 2002, about two thirds borne by owners and operators, almost 60 per cent arising in operation.
  • Hausknecht, K., & Liebich, T. (2016). BIM-Kompendium: Building Information Modeling als neue Planungsmethode. Fraunhofer IRB Verlag. https://doi.org/10.51202/9783816794905 pp. 47-52: the acronym BIM, the four meanings of the M and the benefits of the method.
  • Hofstadler, C., & Kummer, M. (2017). Chancen- und Risikomanagement in der Bauwirtschaft: Für Auftraggeber und Auftragnehmer in Projektmanagement, Baubetrieb und Bauwirtschaft. Springer Vieweg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54319-1
  • International Organization for Standardization, & International Electrotechnical Commission (2013). ISO/IEC 19510:2013 Information technology: Object Management Group Business Process Model and Notation. ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/62652.html Identical to BPMN 2.0.1.
  • International Organization for Standardization (2024). ISO 16739-1:2024 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the construction and facility management industries, Part 1: Data schema. ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/84123.html Corresponds to IFC 4.3.
  • Kelley, J. E., & Walker, M. R. (1959). Critical-path planning and scheduling. In Papers presented at the December 1-3, 1959, Eastern Joint IRE-AIEE-ACM Computer Conference (pp. 160-173). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/1460299.1460318
  • Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty and profit. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Lambertz, M., Theißen, S., Höper, J., Both, M., & Drzymalla, J. (2019). Die BIM-Methode. Der Facility Manager (Bauverlag BV). https://www.facility-management.de/artikel/fm_Die_BIM-Methode-3326291.html The dimensions 3D to 7D. Retrieved 2 October 2026.
  • Little, J. D. C. (1961). A proof for the queuing formula: L = λW. Operations Research, 9(3), 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.9.3.383
  • Malcolm, D. G., Roseboom, J. H., Clark, C. E., & Fazar, W. (1959). Application of a technique for research and development program evaluation. Operations Research, 7(5), 646-669. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.7.5.646 Origin of PERT and its beta distribution for activity durations.
  • Mendling, J., Reijers, H. A., & van der Aalst, W. M. P. (2010). Seven process modeling guidelines (7PMG). Information and Software Technology, 52(2), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2009.08.004
  • Metropolis, N., & Ulam, S. (1949). The Monte Carlo method. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 44(247), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1949.10483310
  • Modig, N., & Åhlström, P. (2012). This is lean: Resolving the efficiency paradox. Rheologica Publishing.
  • Moen, R. D., & Norman, C. L. (2010). Circling back: Clearing up myths about the Deming cycle and seeing how it keeps evolving. Quality Progress, 43(11), 22-28. https://asq.org/quality-progress/articles/circling-back?id=5e4d20950fad4b519133490466ccbf0a History of the cycle: Shewhart (1939), Deming in Japan (1950), PDCA in Japan, Deming's PDSA.
  • Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195092691.001.0001
  • Object Management Group (2011). Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), Version 2.0 (formal/2011-01-03). https://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF Current version: 2.0.2 (2014).
  • Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. Doubleday. p. 4: "we can know more than we can tell".
  • Probst, G., Raub, S., & Romhardt, K. (2012). Wissen managen: Wie Unternehmen ihre wertvollste Ressource optimal nutzen (7th ed.). Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-4563-1
  • Reijers, H. A., & Limam Mansar, S. (2005). Best practices in business process redesign: An overview and qualitative evaluation of successful redesign heuristics. Omega, 33(4), 283-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2004.04.012
  • Ryseff, J., De Bruhl, B. F., & Newberry, S. J. (2024). The root causes of failure for artificial intelligence projects and how they can succeed: Avoiding the anti-patterns of AI (RR-A2680-1). RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA2680-1 Lack of suitable data is one of five root causes, after a misunderstood problem.
  • Shewhart, W. A. (1939). Statistical method from the viewpoint of quality control. Graduate School of the Department of Agriculture.
  • van der Aalst, W. M. P. (2016). Process mining: Data science in action (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49851-4
  • van Treeck, C., Elixmann, R., Rudat, K., Hiller, S., Herkel, S., & Berger, M. (2016). Gebäude.Technik.Digital.: Building Information Modeling. Springer Vieweg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52825-9 p. 25: effort shifted to early phases, curve after MacLeamy.
  • Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (2020). VDI 2552 Blatt 1:2020-07 Building Information Modeling: Grundlagen. https://www.vdi.de/richtlinien/details/vdi-2552-blatt-1-building-information-modeling-grundlagen p. 8: performance levels; p. 28: discipline and coordination models; p. 40: LOD, LoG and LoI.
  • Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (2020). VDI 2552 Blatt 4:2020-08 Building Information Modeling: Anforderungen an den Datenaustausch. https://www.vdi.de/richtlinien/details/vdi-2552-blatt-4-building-information-modeling-anforderungen-an-den-datenaustausch pp. 13-16: model development matrix, as-built and operator model.
  • Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (2021). VDI 2552 Blatt 10:2021-02 Building Information Modeling: Auftraggeber-Informationsanforderungen (AIA) und BIM-Abwicklungspläne (BAP). https://www.vdi.de/richtlinien/details/vdi-2552-blatt-10-building-information-modeling-auftraggeber-informationsanforderungen-aia-und-bim-abwicklungsplaene-bap

Cited in APA style (7th edition). Where a DOI exists, the link goes there, otherwise to the publisher.